takirere MakaKi te makahia ki roto i te takirere, he iti noa te pēhanga o te takirere maka whānui (pērā i te PN16, PN25, PN40, engari he nui te pēhanga, ka taea te eke ki te 1500LD, 2500LB), ko te nuinga o te rahi he nui ake i te DN50.Ngā takirere hangahe mea hanga. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia i roto i ngā paipa kounga teitei. He iti te rahi, ā, kei raro iho i te DN50 te nuinga.
A, te maka
1. Te Maka: ko te tukanga whakarewa i te konganuku hei wai e tutuki ana i ētahi whakaritenga, kātahi ka ringihia ki roto i te pokepokea ai. I muri i te whakamatao me te whakapakeke, ka puta te maka (ngā wāhanga, ngā mea parakore rānei) me te āhua, te rahi me te mahi kua whakaritea. Ko te hangarau taketake o te umanga hanga mīhini hou.
2, he iti te utu mō te hanga whakarewanga o te hanga kore, he nui ake te ōhanga mō ngā āhua uaua, inā koa me ngā wāhanga poka uaua; i te wa ano, he whānui te urutau me ngā āhuatanga miihini whānui.
3, engari he nui ake ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga whakarewa (pēnei i te konganuku, te rakau, te wahie, ngā rauemi whakakoi, me ētahi atu) me ngā taputapu (pēnei i te oumu whakarewa, te mīhini whakaranu onepu, te mīhini whakakoi, te mīhini hanga matua, te mīhini rūrū, te mīhini pupuhi pupuhi, te pereti rino maka, me ētahi atu), ā, ka puta he puehu, he hau kino me te haruru, ka poke hoki i te taiao.
4. Ko te whakarewa he momo hangarau mahi wera whakarewa e 6000 tau te roa o tōna hītori. I te tau 3200 BC, i puta mai ngā whakarewatanga o ngā poroka parahi i Mesopotamia. I waenganui i te rautau 13 BC me te rautau 10 BC, kua tae a Haina ki te wā tino rongonui o te whakarewatanga parahi, kua eke te tukanga ki tētahi taumata teitei, pērā i te Simuwu square Ding o te whare rangatira o Shang, e 875 kg te taumaha, te Jinghou Yi Zunpan o te whare rangatira o ngā Whenua Pakanga, me te whakaata mārama o te whare rangatira o Han ki te Hauāuru, ko ngā hua matua o te whakarewatanga onamata. I tino awehia te whakarewatanga o mua e ngā uku, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā whakarewatanga he taputapu, he oko rānei mō te mahi ahuwhenua, te whakapono, te oranga me ētahi atu āhuatanga, me te tae toi kaha. I te tau 513 BC, i hangaia e Haina te rino whakarewa tuatahi i roto i ngā tuhinga tuhituhi o te ao - ko te Jin Casting Ding (tata ki te 270 kg). I te rautau 8 pea, ka tīmata a Ūropi ki te hanga rino whakarewa. Whai muri i te hurihanga ahumahi i te rautau 18, ka uru ngā whakarewatanga ki tētahi wā hou mō te mahi ki ngā ahumahi nui. I te rautau 20, nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te whakarewa, kua whanakehia te rino ngāwari, te rino whakarewa ngāwari, te rino kowiri tira waro-iti rawa me te parahi konumohe, te konumohe silicon, te koranu konumohe konupora, te turanga titanium, te koranu turanga nikara me ētahi atu rauemi whakarewa whakarewa, ā, kua hangaia he tukanga hou mō te rino whakarewa hina hei whakahaere i te maimoatanga. Whai muri i te tekau tau atu i 1950, ka whakaurua mai ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te whakarewa onepu mākū pēhanga teitei, te whakarewa onepu whakapakeke matū, te hanga matua, te whakarewa pēhanga kino, me ētahi atu whakarewa motuhake me te pupuhi pupuhi.
5. He maha ngā momo whakarewanga. E ai ki te tikanga whakatauira, ka wehea kia 0 te whakarewanga onepu noa, tae atu ki te momo onepu mākū, te momo onepu maroke me te momo onepu whakapakeke matū 3. (2) te whakarewanga motuhake, ngā rauemi whakarewa pēhi, ā, ka taea te wehewehe ki te onepu kohuke tūturu hei rauemi whakarewa whakarewa motuhake matua (hei tauira, te whakarewanga haumi, te whakarewanga pokepokea, te whakarewanga pokepokea anga, te whakarewanga pēhanga kino, te whakarewanga pokepokea, te whakarewanga pokepokea uku, me ētahi atu) me te konganuku hei rauemi pokepokea matua o te whakarewanga motuhake (pēnei i te whakarewanga pokepokea whakarewa, te whakarewanga pēhanga, te whakarewanga tonu, te whakarewanga pēhanga iti, te whakarewanga tohanga, me ētahi atu).
6, ko te tukanga maka i te nuinga o te wā ko: (te maka (ipu) ka hanga te whakarewa wai totoka, ka taea te wehe i te maka kia rite ki ngā rauemi ki te pokepoke onepu, te whakarewa, te uku, te paru, te karāhe, me ētahi atu, ka taea te wehe mā te whakamahi i te momo tuku, te momo ā-tūturu me te momo tūmau, ko te kounga o te whakarite pokepoke ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te kounga maka; Ko te whakarewa whakarewa rewa me te ringihanga, ko te whakarewa whakarewa (te whakarewa koranu) kei roto ko te rino maka, te maitai maka me te koranu kore-ferrous maka; (3) te maimoatanga me te tirotiro maka, te maimoatanga maka, tae atu ki te tango i te matua me te mata maka o ngā tinana ke, te tango i te riser maka, te huri koko i te burr me ētahi atu mea e puta ana, te maimoatanga wera, te hanga, te maimoatanga waikura me te miihini taratara.
Te hanga tuarua
1, te hanga: Ko te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini hanga i runga i te pēhanga o ngā pereki whakarewa, ka whiwhi i tētahi momo āhuatanga hangarau, me tētahi momo āhua me te rahi o te tikanga tukatuka hanga.
2, tētahi o ngā wāhanga matua e rua o te hanga. Mā te hanga ka taea te whakakore i te whakarewa hei mea maka noa, hei mea whakarewa, ko ngā kōhao whakarewa te mea pai ake i ngā mea whakarewa o te rauemi kotahi. Mō ngā wāhanga nui he nui te kawenga me ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua i roto i te mīhini, ko ngā hanga te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei tāpiri atu ki ngā wāhanga pereti, kōtaha, whakarewa rānei he āhua māmā ka taea te huri.
3, ko te hanga i te whakarewa e ai ki te tikanga hanga ka taea te wehewehe ki: 0 te hanga tuwhera (hanga kore utu). Ko te whakamahi i te kaha, te pēhanga rānei hei hanga i te whakarewa i waenganui i ngā mea e rua o runga me raro e ārai-rino (poraka paepae) kia puta ai ngā hanga e hiahiatia ana, ko te hanga ā-ringa me te hanga miihini te nuinga. ② Te hanga aratau kati. Ka whakapēhia te āhua o te konganuku i raro i te pēhanga i roto i te rūma mate hanga o tētahi āhua, ā, ka taea te wehewehe i te hanga ki te hanga mate, te hanga makariri, te hanga hurihuri, te whakaputa me ētahi atu. E ai ki te pāmahana hanga rerekētanga ka taea te wehewehe i te hanga ki te hanga wera (he teitei ake te pāmahana tukatuka i te pāmahana hangarua o te konganuku), te hanga mahana (he iti iho i te pāmahana hangarua) me te hanga makariri (te pāmahana noa).
4, ko te rauemi hanga he maha ngā wāhanga o te maitai waro me te maitai koranu, ā, muri iho ko te konumohe, te konupora, te titanium, te parahi me tōna koranu. Ko te āhua taketake o te rauemi ko ngā tokotoko, ngā mekameka whakarewa, ngā paura whakarewa me ngā konganuku wai. Ko te ōwehenga o te horahanga whakawhiti o te konganuku i mua i te whakarerekētanga ki te horahanga mate i muri i te whakarerekētanga ka kiia ko te ōwehenga hanga. He hononga nui te whiriwhiri tika i te hanga, he pai ake te whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua, me te whakaiti i te utu.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-01-2021